New Horizons - Wikipedia. New Horizons. New Horizons space probe.
Etimologia del termine. La parola italiana libro deriva dal latino liber. Il vocabolo originariamente significava anche "corteccia", ma visto che era un materiale.
Mission type. Flyby (Jupiter . Alan Stern. After a brief encounter with asteroid 1. APL, New Horizons proceeded to Jupiter, making its closest approach on February 2. The Jupiter flyby provided a gravity assist that increased New Horizons' speed; the flyby also enabled a general test of New Horizons' scientific capabilities, returning data about the planet's atmosphere, moons, and magnetosphere. Most of the post- Jupiter voyage was spent in hibernation mode to preserve on- board systems, except for brief annual checkouts. The mission, led by the Applied Physics Laboratory and Alan Stern, would become the first mission to Pluto successfully funded and launched, after years of delays and cancellations. Stamatios . Appointed as the project's principal investigator, Stern was described by Krimigis as .
1 I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul.
It was later selected as one of two finalists to be subject to a three- month concept study, in June 2. The other finalist, POSSE (Pluto and Outer Solar System Explorer), was a separate, but similar Pluto mission concept by the University of Colorado Boulder, led by principal investigator Larry W. Esposito, and supported by the JPL, Lockheed Martin and the University of California. NASA's Associate Administrator for the Science Mission Directorate Ed Weiler prompted Stern to lobby for the funding of New Horizons in hopes of the mission appearing in the Planetary Science Decadal Survey; a prioritized . After an intense campaign to gain support for New Horizons, the Planetary Science Decadal Survey of 2. New Horizons topped the list of projects considered the highest priority among the scientific community in the medium- size category; ahead of missions to the Moon, and even Jupiter. Weiler stated that it was a result that .
The cost of the mission (including spacecraft and instrument development, launch vehicle, mission operations, data analysis, and education/public outreach) is approximately $7. The mission's principal investigator is Alan Stern of the Southwest Research Institute (formerly NASA Associate Administrator). After separation from the launch vehicle, overall control was taken by Mission Operations Center (MOC) at the Applied Physics Laboratory in Howard County, Maryland.
The science instruments are operated at Clyde Tombaugh Science Operations Center (T- SOC) in Boulder, Colorado. Coincidentally the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station was where the photographic plates were taken for the discovery of Pluto's moon Charon; and the Naval Observatory is itself not far from the Lowell Observatory where Pluto was discovered. New Horizons was originally planned as a voyage to the only unexplored planet in the Solar System.
The small star (artist’s depiction shown in reddish orange) is about the size of Jupiter, and slightly smaller than the ultracool dwarf Trappist-1 (shown in grey.
When the spacecraft was launched, Pluto was still classified as a planet, later to be reclassified as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Some members of the New Horizons team, including Alan Stern, disagree with the IAU definition and still describe Pluto as the ninth planet. The moons' discoverers chose these names for this reason, plus Nix and Hydra's relationship to the mythological Pluto. These include a collection of 4. It will also study other objects in the Kuiper belt.? What does its surface look like? Are there large geological structures?
How do solar wind particles interact with Pluto's atmosphere? Many subsystems and components have flight heritage from APL's CONTOUR spacecraft, which in turn had heritage from APL's TIMED spacecraft.
New Horizons' body forms a triangle, almost 0. The titanium fuel tank is in this tube. The RTG attaches with a 4- sided titanium mount resembling a gray pyramid or stepstool. Titanium provides strength and thermal isolation. The rest of the triangle is primarily sandwich panels of thin aluminium facesheet (less than 1.
The structure is larger than strictly necessary, with empty space inside. The structure is designed to act as shielding, reducing electronics errors caused by radiation from the RTG. Also, the mass distribution required for a spinning spacecraft demands a wider triangle. The interior structure is painted black to equalize temperature by radiative heat transfer. Overall, the spacecraft is thoroughly blanketed to retain heat.
Unlike the Pioneers and Voyagers, the radio dish is also enclosed in blankets that extend to the body. The heat from the RTG adds warmth to the spacecraft while it is in the outer Solar System. While in the inner Solar System, the spacecraft must prevent overheating, hence electronic activity is limited, power is diverted to shunts with attached radiators, and louvers are opened to radiate excess heat.
While the spacecraft is cruising inactively in the cold outer Solar System, the louvers are closed, and the shunt regulator reroutes power to electric heaters. Propulsion and attitude control.
Additional post launch delta- v of over 2. Helium is used as a pressurant, with an elastomeric diaphragm assisting expulsion. The spacecraft's on- orbit mass including fuel is over 4. Jupiter flyby trajectory, but would have been only 4. Pluto. Significantly, had the backup option been taken, this would have meant less fuel for later Kuiper belt operations. There are 1. 6 thrusters on New Horizons: four 4.
N (1. 0 lbf) and twelve 0. N (0. 2 lbf) plumbed into redundant branches. The larger thrusters are used primarily for trajectory corrections, and the small ones (previously used on Cassini and the Voyager spacecraft) are used primarily for attitude control and spinup/spindown maneuvers. Two star cameras are used to measure the spacecraft attitude. They are mounted on the face of the spacecraft and provide attitude information while in spin- stabilized or 3- axis mode. In between the time of star camera readings, spacecraft orientation is provided by dual redundant miniature inertial measurement units. Download Game Prime World Defenders Full Metal Jacket.
Each unit contains three solid- state gyroscopes and three accelerometers. Two Adcole Sun sensors provide attitude determination. One detects the angle to the Sun, whereas the other measures spin rate and clocking. A cylindrical radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) protrudes in the plane of the triangle from one vertex of the triangle. The RTG provided 7. RTG output is relatively predictable; load transients are handled by a capacitor bank and fast circuit breakers. The RTG, model . The RTG contains 9.
It was developed by the U. S. Department of Energy at the Materials and Fuels Complex, a part of the Idaho National Laboratory. The Department of Energy transferred the space battery program from Ohio to Argonne in 2. The amount of radioactive plutonium in the RTG is about one- third the amount on board the Cassini–Huygens probe when it launched in 1.
That Cassini launch was protested by some. The United States Department of Energy estimated the chances of a New Horizons launch accident that would release radiation into the atmosphere at 1 in 3.
It was estimated that a worst- case scenario of total dispersal of on- board plutonium would spread the equivalent radiation of 8. North America from background radiation over an area with a radius of 1.
Each of the two systems is duplicated for redundancy, for a total of four computers. The processor used for its flight computers is the Mongoose- V, a 1.
MHz radiation- hardened version of the MIPS R3. CPU. Multiple redundant clocks and timing routines are implemented in hardware and software to help prevent faults and downtime. To conserve heat and mass, spacecraft and instrument electronics are housed together in IEMs (integrated electronics modules).
There are two redundant IEMs. Including other functions such as instrument and radio electronics, each IEM contains 9 boards. The craft fully recovered within two days, with some data loss on Jupiter's magnetotail. No impact on the subsequent mission was expected.
The craft had a communication rate of 7. Besides the low bandwidth, Pluto's distance also causes a latency of about 4.
Health Insurance Giant Agrees to Record $1. Million Payout Over Data Breach. Holy crap, that is a huge friggin’ payout.
Health insurance giant Anthem Inc. That’s a new record, for those of you keeping count. Americans are sick and tired of constantly getting notices about how their social security numbers and credit cards have been compromised. Sure, the company has agreed to pay for credit monitoring for the millions of people affected by the breach—but as anyone whose house has ever burned down can tell you, insurance is not a magic wand. Anyway, moving on.. Anthem has also agreed to guarantee “a certain level of funding for information security and to implement or maintain numerous specific changes to its data security systems, including encryption of certain information and archiving sensitive data with strict access controls,” according to Cyberscoop.
No doubt doing so prior to 2. Most of the money will pay for the aforementioned credit monitoring, although roughly $3. Victims already enrolled in a credit monitoring service (because, let’s face it, who isn’t at this point) may opt to receive a check instead—probably somewhere in the neighborhood of $5. As part of the settlement, Anthem will not formally recognize any wrongdoing on its part, which is pretty standard in these types of deals.
The terms, however, still have to be approved by the San Jose judge presiding over the case, which represents an amalgamation of more than 1. Anthem since the breach.
While the Anthem incident was allegedly a hack that didn’t involve any medical records or credit card details, approximately 7. But at least Anthem learned a lesson. Hopefully, others will too.