Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health. Fact sheet. Updated September 2.
Key facts. Air pollution is a major environmental risk to health. By reducing air pollution levels, countries can reduce the burden of disease from stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and both chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma. The lower the levels of air pollution, the better the cardiovascular and respiratory health of the population will be, both long- and short- term. The . In 2. 01. 4, 9. WHO air quality guidelines levels were not met.
Ambient (outdoor air pollution) in both cities and rural areas was estimated to cause 3 million premature deaths worldwide in 2. Some 8. 8% of those premature deaths occurred in low- and middle- income countries, and the greatest number in the WHO Western Pacific and South- East Asia regions. Policies and investments supporting cleaner transport, energy- efficient housing, power generation, industry and better municipal waste management would reduce key sources of urban outdoor air pollution.
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Reducing outdoor air pollution also reduces emissions of CO2 and short- lived climate pollutants such as black carbon particles and methane, thus contributing to the near- and long- term mitigation of climate change. In addition to outdoor air pollution, indoor smoke is a serious health risk for some 3 billion people who cook and heat their homes with biomass fuels and coal.
Background. Outdoor air pollution is a major environmental health problem affecting everyone in developed and developing countries alike. WHO estimates that in 2.
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An association also has been observed between outdoor air pollution and increase in cancer of the urinary tract/bladder. Ambient (outdoor air pollution) in both cities and rural areas was estimated to cause 3 million premature deaths worldwide per year in 2. PM1. 0), which cause cardiovascular and respiratory disease, and cancers. The latest burden estimates reflect the very significant role air pollution plays in cardiovascular illness and premature deaths – much more so than was previously understood by scientists. Most sources of outdoor air pollution are well beyond the control of individuals and demand action by cities, as well as national and international policymakers in sector like transport, energy waste management, buildings and agriculture. Where incineration is unavoidable, then combustion technologies with strict emission controls are critical. In addition to outdoor air pollution, indoor smoke is a serious health risk for some 3 billion people who cook and heat their homes with biomass fuels and coal.
Some 4. 3 million premature deaths were attributable to household air pollution in 2. The Guidelines indicate that by reducing particulate matter (PM1.
The Guidelines apply worldwide and are based on expert evaluation of current scientific evidence for: particulate matter (PM)ozone (O3) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), in all WHO regions. Particulate matter. Definition and principal sources.
PM affects more people than any other pollutant. The major components of PM are sulfate, nitrates, ammonia, sodium chloride, black carbon, mineral dust and water.
It consists of a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic substances suspended in the air. The most health- damaging particles are those with a diameter of 1. Chronic exposure to particles contributes to the risk of developing cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as of lung cancer. Air quality measurements are typically reported in terms of daily or annual mean concentrations of PM1. Routine air quality measurements typically describe such PM concentrations in terms of micrograms per cubic meter (. When sufficiently sensitive measurement tools are available, concentrations of fine particles (PM2. Conversely, when concentrations of small and fine particulates are reduced, related mortality will also go down – presuming other factors remain the same.
This allows policymakers to project the population health improvements that could be expected if particulate air pollution is reduced. Therefore, the WHO 2. The Goat In The Chile Patch Lessons. PM possible. Guideline values. PM2. 5. 10 . If these interim targets were to be achieved, significant reductions in risks for acute and chronic health effects from air pollution can be expected. Progress towards the guideline values, however, should be the ultimate objective.
The effects of PM on health occur at levels of exposure currently being experienced by many people both in urban and rural areas and in developed and developing countries – although exposures in many fast- developing cities today are often far higher than in developed cities of comparable size. However, even in the European Union, where PM concentrations in many cities do comply with Guideline levels, it is estimated that average life expectancy is 8. PM exposures from human sources. In developing countries, indoor exposure to pollutants from the household combustion of solid fuels on open fires or traditional stoves increases the risk of acute lower respiratory infections and associated mortality among young children; indoor air pollution from solid fuel use is also a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer among adults. There are serious risks to health not only from exposure to PM, but also from exposure to ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). As with PM, concentrations are often highest largely in the urban areas of low- and middle- income countries.
Ozone is a major factor in asthma morbidity and mortality, while nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide also can play a role in asthma, bronchial symptoms, lung inflammation and reduced lung function. Ozone (O3)Guideline values. O3. 10. 0 . It is formed by the reaction with sunlight (photochemical reaction) of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) from vehicle and industry emissions and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by vehicles, solvents and industry. As a result, the highest levels of ozone pollution occur during periods of sunny weather. Health effects. Excessive ozone in the air can have a marked effect on human health. It can cause breathing problems, trigger asthma, reduce lung function and cause lung diseases.
In Europe it is currently one of the air pollutants of most concern. Several European studies have reported that the daily mortality rises by 0. Reduced lung function growth is also linked to NO2 at concentrations currently measured (or observed) in cities of Europe and North America. Sulfur dioxide (SO2)Guideline values. SO2. 20 . Studies indicate that a proportion of people with asthma experience changes in pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms after periods of exposure to SO2 as short as 1.
The (2. 00. 5) revision of the 2. SO2 concentrations from 1.
It is produced from the burning of fossil fuels (coal and oil) and the smelting of mineral ores that contain sulfur. The main anthropogenic source of SO2 is the burning of sulfur- containing fossil fuels for domestic heating, power generation and motor vehicles. Health effects. SO2 can affect the respiratory system and the functions of the lungs, and causes irritation of the eyes. Inflammation of the respiratory tract causes coughing, mucus secretion, aggravation of asthma and chronic bronchitis and makes people more prone to infections of the respiratory tract. Hospital admissions for cardiac disease and mortality increase on days with higher SO2 levels.
When SO2 combines with water, it forms sulfuric acid; this is the main component of acid rain which is a cause of deforestation. WHO response. WHO Member States recently adopted a resolution and a road map for an enhanced global response to the adverse health effects of air pollution. WHO develops and produces . WHO creates detailed health- related assessments of different types of air pollutants, including particulates and black carbon particles, ozone, etc.