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Opuntia stricta (erect prickly pear)Datasheet. Don't need the entire report? Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.
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Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature Top of page. Opuntia stricta Haworth is now generally accepted as a single species comprising two varieties (or sub-species), O.
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Generate report. Pictures. Top of page. Picture. Title. Caption. Copyright. Habit. O. Successful biological control programmes have, however, severely reduced the spread of this species in many areas where introduced, though there continues to be a risk of further introduction through the nursery trade. Taxonomic Tree. Top of page.
Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Spermatophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Dicotyledonae Order: Caryophyllales Family: Cactaceae Genus: Opuntia Species: Opuntia stricta. Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature. Top of page. Opuntia stricta Haworth is now generally accepted as a single species comprising two varieties (or sub- species), O. Previously, it was divided into three independent species; O. The variations between the varieties are considerable and many intermediate forms exist. In Florida, USA, crossing between the two varieties is common and few populations can be described as purely one or the other.
Hybridizations within its native range in North America and the Caribbean add to the confusion. The varieties can best be distinguished by their spines, the type variety O. However, the taxonomy with this genus remains confused, and although two new subgeneric taxa have been described from Mexico, ssp. The cladodes (stems) are green to bluish- green, flattened, and about 1. From the areoles develop the stout, slightly curved yellowish spines, varying in numbers from entirely absent to groups of one or two or more, normally clusters.
Clochids (spine clusters) are yellow and relatively few, up to 5 mm long in the spinier var. The flowers are bright yellow and typically cactus- like, appearing during the summer months (Benson, 1. The species is best identified by its typical pear- shaped to spherical fruit, purple- coloured at maturity, 4- 6 cm long and 2. Its outer surface is smooth and spineless except for a few glochids imbedded in the small areoles. The pulp is intense purple in colour and sour tasting and contains about 6.
Older plants develop woody stems which provide support to the larger plants. Plant Type. Top of page. Herbaceous. Perennial.
Succulent. Vegetatively propagated. Distribution. Top of page. Within the natural distribution, O. It is probably present and native to more countries in the Caribbean and Central America than indicated in the distribution list. The more spiny variety (O.
Countries that have reported serious invasions include Australia, South Africa, Namibia (Henderson, 2. Yemen (Ellenberg, 1. India, Madagascar (Middleton, 1. Spain and some North African countries (Le Hou. It has probably naturalized also in many other countries where it has not yet been recorded as a pest and these are likely to include more countries in Africa (e. Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Zimbabwe) and Asia (e. Pakistan, Thailand).
In its native range in some Caribbean countries O. In South Africa and Namibia large infestations have been reported from mainly dry savanna bushveld (Henderson, 2.
Australia all states are invaded (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 1. Queensland and north- eastern New South Wales (Mann, 1. Distribution Table. Top of page. The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report. Country. Distribution.
Last Reported. Origin. First Reported. Invasive. References. Notes. ASIAChina. Restricted distribution.
Introduced. Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2. Fujian. Present. Introduced. Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2. Guangdong. Present.
Introduced. Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2. Guangxi. Present. Introduced. Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2. Hainan. Present. Introduced.
Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2. India. Present. Introduced. Invasive. Middleton, 1. Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2.
Sri Lanka. Present. Introduced. Missouri Botanical Garden, 2. Yemen. Widespread. Introduced. Invasive. Spb Wallet Desktop Keygen Free.
Ellenberg, 1. 98. AFRICAEritrea. Present. Introduced. ISSG, 2. Ethiopia. Present. Introduced. ISSG, 2.
Madagascar. Widespread. Introduced. Invasive.
Middleton, 1. 99. Missouri Botanical Garden, 2. Morocco. Restricted distribution. Introduced. Invasive.
Le Hou. It is not known when and how the species arrived in South Africa. No records of invasions of O. However, in several Caribbean islands where deforestation and overgrazing is common, O. In order to deal with invasions of native species in the Caribbean, a biological control agent Cactoblastis cactorum was released on Nevis, St Kitts, Cayman Islands, Antigua and Montserrat in 1.
Simmonds and Bennett, 1. Opuntia species which could not have been achieved with the depauperate native cactus- feeding insects. Unfortunately C. It attacks all six native Opuntia species in Florida, including O. Zimmermann et al., 2. However, a study of the effect of C.
Seeds of Opuntia species are available from mail- order companies and via the internet, together with many other ornamental cacti. Habitat. Top of page. The natural range of the two recognized varieties of O. Within the centre of its natural distribution, O. Invasions are always enhanced by disturbances and in particular by overgrazing, and neither variety has ever invaded the well- grassed downs in Australia and high altitude grasslands in the cooler parts of South Africa. Invasions were particularly common in low- lying wooded areas in Australia and savanna bushveld in South Africa (Wells et al., 1. Malan, 1. 98. 9).
It would appear as if nursery plants are important for initial establishment of the delicate seedlings. The species is also drought tolerant, and invading populations can be found within annual rainfall regimes of 3.
Habitat List. Top of page. Category. Habitat. Presence. Status.
Littoral. Coastal areas. Principal habitat.
Harmful (pest or invasive)Coastal areas. Principal habitat. Natural. Coastal dunes.
Secondary/tolerated habitat. Harmful (pest or invasive)Coastal dunes. Secondary/tolerated habitat.
Natural. Terrestrial- managed. Cultivated / agricultural land. Secondary/tolerated habitat. Harmful (pest or invasive)Disturbed areas. Principal habitat. Harmful (pest or invasive)Disturbed areas. Principal habitat.
Natural. Managed grasslands (grazing systems)Principal habitat. Harmful (pest or invasive)Urban / peri- urban areas. Secondary/tolerated habitat. Harmful (pest or invasive)Urban / peri- urban areas. Secondary/tolerated habitat. Productive/non- natural.
Terrestrial- natural/semi- natural. Arid regions. Principal habitat. Harmful (pest or invasive)Arid regions. Principal habitat. Natural. Deserts.
Secondary/tolerated habitat. Harmful (pest or invasive)Deserts. Secondary/tolerated habitat. Natural. Natural forests. Present, no further details. Harmful (pest or invasive)Natural grasslands.
Principal habitat. Harmful (pest or invasive)Riverbanks. Secondary/tolerated habitat. Harmful (pest or invasive)Riverbanks. Secondary/tolerated habitat.
Natural. Rocky areas / lava flows. Principal habitat. Harmful (pest or invasive)Rocky areas / lava flows.
Principal habitat. Natural. Scrub / shrublands. Principal habitat. Harmful (pest or invasive)Scrub / shrublands. Principal habitat. Natural. Biology and Ecology. Top of page. Physiology and Phenology.
O. The key to water conservation of CAM plants is their nocturnal stomatal opening as opposed to most plants, which open their stomata during the heat of the day to photosynthesize. Carbon dioxide is fixed into organic acids during the night, which is released again into the chloroplast during the day for photosynthesis (Nobel, 1. Nobel and Bobich, 2.